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HOT NAIL REANKARNASI TODAY

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:40 - 31/05/2012

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Rusty Nail (cocktail)

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:40 - 31/05/2012

A Rusty Nail is made by mixing Drambuie and Scotch Whisky. Many prefer less Drambuie to decrease the sweetness of the drink. Scotch Whisky has a fairly biting and hot taste that is counterbalanced by the honeyed, herbal overtones of the Drambuie. A Rusty Nail can be served in an old-fashioned glass on the rocks, neat, or "up" in a stemmed glass. It is most commonly served over ice. A Rusty Nail served without ice is sometimes called a Straight Up Nail. The Canadian version of the drink is called a "Donald Sutherland" and substitutes Canadian rye whisky for scotch

Nail (fastener)

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:49 - 31/05/2012

In woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped, sharp object of hard metal or alloy used as a fastener. Formerly wrought iron, today's nails are typically made of steel, often dipped or coated to prevent corrosion in harsh conditions or improve adhesion. Ordinary nails for wood are usually of a soft, low-carbon or "mild" steel (about 0.1% carbon, the rest iron and perhaps a trace of silicon or manganese). Nails for concrete are harder, with 0.5-0.75% carbon.[citation needed]

Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer, a pneumatic nail gun, or a small explosive charge or primer. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent falling out.

Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, and spikes.

History

Nails go back at least to the Ancient Roman period. The provision of iron for nails by King David for Solomon's Temple is mentioned in the Bible.[1] Until the end of the 18th century, they were made by hand, and were provided by an artisan known as a nailer. Until the early 17th century there were workmen called Slitters who cut up iron bars to a suitable size for Nailers to work on, but in 1590 the slitting mill was introduced to England, providing a mechanical means of producing rods of uniform cross-section. In the 19th century, after the invention of machines to make "cut nails", some nails continued to be made by hand, but the handmade nail industry gradually declined and was largely extinct by the end of that century.

Manufactured cut nails were first introduced in America at the end of the 18th century. Cut nails are machine-cut from flat sheets of steel (originally iron). They are also called square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section. Though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails.

Usage

- Types of nail include:

1. brass tack - Brass Tacks are commonly used where corrosion may be an issue, such as furniture where contact with human skin salts will cause corrosion on steel nails.
2. bullethead nail
3. canoe tacks
4. carpet tack
5. casing - Casing nails have a head that is smoothly tapered, in comparison to the "stepped" head of a finish nail. When used to install casing around windows or doors, they allow the wood to be pried off later with minimal damage when repairs are needed, and without the need to dent the face of the casing in order to grab and extract the nail. Once the casing has been removed, the nails can be extracted from the inner frame with any of the usual nail pullers.
6. clout
7. coil nails
8. coffin nail
9. corrugated
10. Dheadnails
11. double-ended
12. fiber cement
13. f1inish - has the same diameter as a box nail.
14. horseshoe
15 joist
16. lost-head
17. masonry - fluted nail for use in concrete

- Nail-maker's work-bench or anvil in a storeroom of the Black Country Living Museum

1. nail bomb shrapnel
2. oval brad - Ovals utilize the principles of fracture mechanics to allow nailing without splitting. Highly anisotropic materials like regular wood (as opposed to wood composites) can easily be wedged apart. Use of an oval perpendicular to the wood's grain cuts the wood fibers rather than wedges tham apart, and thus allows fastening without splitting, even close to edges.
3. floor brad (aka 'stigs') - flat, tapered and angular, for use in fixing floor boards
4. panel pin
5. plastic strip
6. gutter spikes
7. roofing tack
8. ring shank - nails that contain ridges along the shank to provide extra support, an example would be the HurriQuake
9. shake - small headed nails to use for nailing sidewall shakes
10. square
11. T
12. Teco - 1-1/2 x .148 shanks nails used in metal connectors (usually hurricane ties)
13. veneer pin
14. wire
wire-weld collated

Sizes

Most countries, except the United States, use a metric system for describing nail sizes. A 50 x 3.0 indicates a nail 50 mm long (not including the head) and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths are rounded to the nearest millimeter.

United States penny sizes

In the United States, the length of a nail is designated by its penny size, written with a number and the abbreviation d for penny; for example, 10d for a ten-penny nail. A larger number indicates a longer nail, shown in the table below. Nails under 1¼ inch, often called brads, are sold mostly in small packages with only a length designation or with length and wire gauge designations; for example, 1" 18 ga or 3/4" 16 ga.

Penny sizes originally referred to the price for a hundred nails in England in the 15th century: the larger the nail, the higher the cost per hundred.[2][3][4][5] The system remained in use in England into the 20th century, but is obsolete there today. The d is an abbreviation for denarius, a Roman coin similar to a penny; this was the abbreviation for a penny in the UK before decimalisation.

Terminology

-Box — a wire nail with a head; box nails have a smaller shank than common nails of the same size
-Bright — no surface coating; not recommended for weather exposure or acidic or treated lumber
-Casing — a wire nail with a slightly larger head than finish nails; often used for flooring
-CC or Coated — "cement coated"; nail coated with adhesive (cement) for greater holding power; also resin- or vinyl-coated; coating melts from friction when driven to help lubricate then hardens when cool; color varies by manufacturer (tan, pink, are common)
-Common — a common construction wire nail with a disk-shaped head that is typically 3 to 4 times the diameter of the shank: common nails have larger shanks than box nails of the same size
-Duplex — a common nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction; often used for temporary work, such as concrete forms
-Drywall — a specialty blued-steel nail with a thin broad head used to fasten gypsum wallboard to wooden framing members
-Finish — a wire nail that has a head only slightly larger than the shank; can be easily concealed by countersinking the nail slightly below the finished surface with a nail-set and filling the resulting void with a filler (putty, spackle, caulk, etc.)
-Galvanized — treated for resistance to corrosion and/or weather exposure

- Electrogalvanized — provides a smooth finish with some corrosion resistance
- Hot-dip galvanized — provides a rough finish that deposits more zinc than other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance that is suitable for some acidic and treated lumber; often easier to bend than other types of nails
-Mechanically galvanized — deposits more zinc than electrogalvanizing for increased corrosion resistance

-Head — round flat metal piece formed at the top of the nail; for increased holding power
-Helix — the nail has a square shank that has been twisted, making it very difficult to pull out; often used in decking
-Length — distance from the head to the point of a nail
-Phosphate-coated — a dark grey to black finish providing a surface that binds well with paint and joint compound and minimal corrosion resistance
-Point — sharpened end opposite the "head" for greater ease in driving
-Ring Shank — small rings on the shank to prevent the nail from being worked back out often used in flooring
-Shank — the body the length of the nail between the head and the point; may be smooth, or may have rings or spirals for greater holding power
-Sinker — Same thin diameter as a box nail, length 1/8 in shorter than shown in above table, cement coated (see above), with a grid embossed on the head to keep the hammer from slipping; these are the common nails used in framing today
- Spike — a large nail; usually over 4 in (100 mm) long

Nails in art

Nails have been used in art, such as the Nail Men - a form of fundraising common in Germany and Austria during the First World War.

References

^ Bible, 1 Chronicles 22:3.
^ "Penny" (subscription required). Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved 2010-05-30. "Applied to nails, such adjectives denote the original price (in 15th c.) per hundred; as fivepenny nail, a nail which cost 5d. a hundred, tenpenny nail, a nail costing 10d. a hundred. (These names persisted after the prices fell, as they began to do in some places before 1500, and they were eventually used to designate sizes of nails.)"
^ H. Littlehales (1905). Medieval Rec. London City ChurchCited in the Oxford English Dictionary under "Penny" with a quote from 1426-1427.
^ "Penny". sizes.com. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
^ Norman Scott Brien Gras (1918). The Early English Customs System. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA). p. 701. Cited at sizes.com with a quote from 1507.

Nail clubbing

By : AlexxpuNkreaNk grezIkraYa, writers article nail art for u, at : 22:55 - 31/05/2012

In medicine, nail clubbing[1] (also known as "Drumstick fingers," "Hippocratic fingers," and "Watch-glass nails"[1]) is a deformity of the fingers and fingernails that is associated with a number of diseases, mostly of the heart and lungs.[2]:656 Hippocrates was probably the first to document clubbing as a sign of disease, and the phenomenon is therefore occasionally called Hippocratic fingers.

Idiopathic clubbing can also occur, and in 60% of cases there is no associated underlying disease.[3]

Signs and symptoms

Clubbing develops in five steps:[4]

-Fluctuation and softening of the nail bed (increased ballotability)
- Loss of the normal <165° angle (Lovibond angle) between the nailbed and the fold (cuticula)
-Increased convexity of the nail fold
-Thickening of the whole distal (end part of the) finger (resembling a drumstick)
-Shiny aspect and striation of the nail and skin

Schamroth's test or Schamroth's window test (originally demonstrated by South African cardiologist Dr Leo Schamroth on himself[5]) is a popular test for clubbing. When the distal phalanges (bones nearest the fingertips) of corresponding fingers of opposite hands are directly opposed (place fingernails of same finger on opposite hands against each other, nail to nail), a small diamond-shaped "window" is normally apparent between the nailbeds. If this window is obliterated, the test is positive and clubbing is present.

Diagnosis

When clubbing is encountered in patients, doctors will seek to identify its cause. They usually accomplish this by obtaining a medical history—particular attention is paid to lung, heart, and gastrointestinal conditions—and conducting a clinical examination, which may disclose associated features relevant to a diagnosis. Additional studies such as a chest X-ray and a chest CT-scan may also be performed.[4]

Disease associations

Although many diseases are associated with clubbing (particularly lung diseases), the reports are fairly anecdotal. Prospective studies of patients presenting with clubbing have not yet been performed, and hence there is no conclusive evidence of these associations.

Isolated clubbing

a. Clubbing is associated with:

-Cystic fibrosis
b. Lung disease:
-Lung cancer, mainly non-small cell (54% of all cases), not seen frequently in small cell lung cancer (< 5% of cases)[6]
-Interstitial lung disease
-Complicated tuberculosis
-Suppurative lung disease: lung abscess, empyema, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
-Pleural Mesothelioma
-A·V fistula
c. Heart disease:
-Any disease featuring chronic hypoxia
-Congenital cyanotic heart disease (most common cardiac cause)
-Subacute bacterial endocarditis
-Atrial myxoma (benign tumor)
d. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary:
-Malabsorption
- Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
-Cirrhosis, especially in primary biliary cirrhosis[7]
-Hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis[8]
- Laxative abuse
-Polyposis
- Esophageal CA
e. Others:
-Hyperthyroidism (thyroid acropachy)[9]
-Familial and racial clubbing and "pseudoclubbing" (people of African descent often have what appears to be clubbing)
d. Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an axillary artery aneurysm (in unilateral clubbing)
-Thymoma
-Thalassemia

HPOA

A special form of clubbing is hypertrophic pulmonary osteo-arthropathy, known in continental Europe as Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome. This is the combination of clubbing and thickening of periosteum (connective tissue lining of the bones) and synovium (lining of joints), and is often initially diagnosed as arthritis. It is commonly associated with lung cancer.

Primary HOA

Primary hypertrophic osteo-arthropathy is HPOA without signs of pulmonary disease. This form has a hereditary component, although subtle cardiac abnormalities can occasionally be found. It is known eponymously as the Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome. This condition has been linked to mutations in the gene on the fourth chromosome (4q33-q34) coding for the enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD); this leads to decreased breakdown of prostaglandin E2 and elevated levels of this substance.[10]

Pathophysiology

The exact cause for sporadic clubbing is unknown, and there are numerous theories as to its cause. Vasodilation (distended blood vessels), secretion of growth factors (such as platelet-derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor) from the lungs, and other mechanisms have been proposed. The discovery of disorders in the prostaglandin metabolism in primary osteo-arthropathy has led to suggestions that overproduction of PGE2 by other tissues may be the causative factor for clubbing.[10]

Epidemiology

The exact frequency of clubbing in the population is not known. A 2008 study found clubbing in 1% of all patients admitted to a department of internal medicine. Of these, 40% turned out to have significant underlying disease of various causes, while 60% had no medical problems on further investigations and remained well over the subsequent year.[3]

References

^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
^ a b Vandemergel X, Renneboog B (July 2008). "Prevalence, aetiologies and significance of clubbing in a department of general internal medicine". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 19 (5): 325–9. DOI:10.1016/j.ejim.2007.05.015. PMID 18549933.
^ a b Myers KA, Farquhar DR (2001). "The rational clinical examination: does this patient have clubbing?". JAMA 286: 341–7. DOI:10.1001/jama.286.3.341. PMID 11466101.
^ Schamroth L (February 1976). "Personal experience". S. Afr. Med. J. 50 (9): 297–300. PMID 1265563.
^ Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD (1998). "Digital clubbing and lung cancer" (PDF). Chest 114 (6): 1535–37. DOI:10.1378/chest.114.6.1535. PMID 9872183.
^ Epstein O, Dick R, Sherlock S (1981). "Prospective study of periostitis and finger clubbing in primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of chronic liver disease". Gut 22 (3): 203–6. DOI:10.1136/gut.22.3.203. PMID 7227854.
^ Naeije R (March 2003). "Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension". Swiss Med Wkly 133 (11-12): 163–9. PMID 12715285.
^ -724565997 at GPnotebook
^ a b Uppal S, Diggle CP, Carr IM, et al. (June 2008). "Mutations in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy". Nat. Genet. 40 (6): 789–93. DOI:10.1038/ng.153. PMID 18500342.

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Thursday, May 31, 2012